Skimmed Milk Bacterium Probiotic Dairy Drink Codycross Answers
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Effect Of Culture Conditions And Additives On Fermentative Production Of Folate
Fermentation studies were carried out in 4%w/v skim milk medium. Optimum incubation time and temperature was determined by checking the levels of extracellular folate at various incubation times and temperature . The effect of various additives on folate production was studied individually and the optimized levels of each were incorporated in the subsequent experiments. The efficacy of three prebiotics namely sorbitol, mannitol and fructooligosaccharides were analyzed by their addition at varying concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 % w/v into the skim milk medium. The effect of the two folate precursors was evaluated by supplementation at different concentrations . Fermentation was also done in presence of reducing agents like sodium ascorbate, sodium thioglycholate and cysteine hydrochloride at both static and agitating conditions.
Skimmed Milk Bacterium Probiotic Dairy Drink Codycross
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Health Benefits Of Drinking Skimmed Milk
Skimmed milk can be a good substitute to whole milk, if you are watching your weight, as it contains trace amounts of fat and is low in calories. Packed with protein, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B12 and minerals, a glass of skimmed milk is a perfect way to boost your health. Here are some reasons why drinking skimmed milk could be a healthy option for you.
# Low-fat milk Skimmed milk is milk from which the cream has been removed. The removal of the cream makes the milk low in fat. The absence of saturated fat in the milk can help prevent weight gain and promote heart health. Besides, the milk is low in cholesterol and is thus, helpful in maintaining the cholesterol levels in your body.# High in proteinIt is considered to be a good source of protein containing all the nine amino acids. The amino acids are responsible for building and maintaining lean muscles. According to research, the protein in skim milk builds muscles more quickly than soy protein. Skim milk contains casein, a protein which can be easily digested. A cup of skimmed milk can provide you with 8.5g of protein.
Patterns Of Consumption And Regulations
There is an overall increasing pattern of consumption of all types of fermented milks in most countries. Acidophilus milk or probiotic dairy food products represent the largest segment of the functional food market in Europe, Japan, and Australia. The fermented milks in the market today represent ~63.2 billion with North America, Europe, and Asia accounting for 77% of the market. Sales of yogurt and fermented milks also continue to expand worldwide, most noticeably in emerging markets such as China, Brazil, and Russia and in countries in the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin America. Probiotic drinks in particular have contributed to the growth of the dairy market, and together with encapsulated supplements, they allow for a constant launching of new products, making innovation in this field a very dynamic activity.
Thus, development and consumption of functional foods, or foods that promote health beyond providing basic nutrition, are on the rise, and currently, more than a 100 probiotic fermented milk products may be found in the market , of which Yakult, Actimel, and LC-1 are the most known.
Table 1. Examples of probiotic fermented milk products in the EU market
Lactic starter cultures microflora are not listed.
Data adapted from Tamime et al. .
Figure 1. Number of researches and randomized trials on probiotics published in MEDLINE database in the last 10 years .
Figure 3. Annual growth prices of probiotic/prebiotic and nonprobiotic/nonprebiotic dairy in EU.
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Definition Characteristics And Legislation
According to the International Food Standards published by the Codex Alimentarius from the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization , fermented milk is a milk product obtained by the fermentation of milk, which may have been manufactured from products obtained from milk with or without compositional modification by the action of suitable microorganisms and resulting in the reduction of pH with or without coagulation isoelectric precipitation. These starter microorganisms shall be viable, active, and abundant in the product to the date of minimum durability. If the product is heat treated after fermentation, the requirement for viable microorganisms does not apply.
Fermented milk products are prepared from pasteurized milk or cream, sometimes enriched with skimmed milk powder and added with other ingredients, such as flavorings, thickeners, and other fruit preparations, and acidified by lactic acid bacteria resulting in a product with typical consistency and texture. All acidified milks have a common feature: the presence of lactic acid resulting from the fermentation of lactose by various combinations of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria that promotes the coagulation of milk protein.
Legislation classifies fermented milk as yogurt, fermented or cultured milk, acidophilus milk, kefir, curd, and kumis and differentiates them as follows:
Fermented milk’s composition should follow the recommendations of Codex Alimentarius, which are presented in Table 1.
Inoculum For Folate Fortification Of Skim Milk
L. lactis CM28 was inoculated in folic acid assay medium supplemented with a nutrient solution and incubated at 37 °C for 18 h. The particular solution was composed of L-Glutamate-30, L-Alanine-20, L-Glycine-20, L-Histidine- 20, L-Serine-10, L-Threonine-10, L-Cysteine-10, L-Arginine-20, L-Asparagine-10, L-Isoleucine- 20, L-Methionine-10, L-Valine- 10, Ascorbic acid- 50, Nicotinamide- 20, Calcium pantothenate -20, Pyridoxal HCl -20, Riboflavin-20, Biotin -10, p-aminobenzoate 1. 1 % v/v of this culture was used as inoculum for the fortification studies.
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Microorganism Media And Cultivation Conditions
The lactic acid bacterium isolated from raw cows milk using MRS CaCO3 plate and identified as Lactococcus lactis by 16S rRNA sequencing was used for the present study. The NCBI Genbank accession number of the strain is }KJ676682 with the strain name Lactococcus lactis CM28. The culture displayed many of the probiotic properties and was reported earlier by us . It was subcultured in M17 medium supplemented with 0.5 % glucose and incubated at 37 °C under static condition. Lactobacillus casei NCIM 2364 was used for microbiological assay for the detection of folate and was maintained in MRS medium.
Folic acid standards were procured from Sigma . All other media and reagents were purchased from Himedia, India unless otherwise stated.
Skimmed Milk Bacterium Probiotic Dairy Drink
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Storage Stability Of The Fermented Milk
Fermentative production of folate was performed using the optimized medium and culture conditions. After incubation at 37 °C for 8 h, the fermented skim milk was stored at 5 °C for 15 days. Samples were collected at 5 days interval and analyzed for folate, pH, lactic acid % in terms of titratable acidity and viable count of bacteria. TA is determined by titration of the fermented milk with 0.1 N NaOH using phenolphthalein as the indicator of endpoint. For the viable count of bacteria, the samples were serially diluted in sterile saline and appropriate dilutions were plated onto M17 agar plates supplemented with 0.5 % glucose. The plates were then incubated at 37 °C for 12 days. Colony forming units were enumerated and the viable count was expressed in log CFU/ml.
All experiments were done in triplicates. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three independent determinations.
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Significance Of Lactobacillus Acidophilus In Fermented Dairy Products And Human Health
Eli Metchnikoff, a Nobel Prize-winning Russian scientist, is credited with initiating the concept of the benefits of ingestion of lactic acid bacteria in human health. This concept has given rise to a new field of research termed as probiotics. The most accepted definition of probiotics is live micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Many strains of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been shown to produce prophylactic as well as therapeutic effects in humans. As a result, these strains are increasingly incorporated into various food products, specifically fermented and nonfermented dairy products. The discussion in this section concentrates on the use of Lb. acidophilus strains in dairy products.
Lactobacillus acidophilus in Fermented Dairy Products
Sometimes, when milk is fermented with strains of Lb. acidophilus alone, the product lacks the characteristic buttery flavor of yogurt . As a result, the fermented acidophilus milk is tart and plain. To improve the flavor of such products, fruit juices are often mixed in varying ratios. However, certain fruit juices, such as strawberry, have been reported to have a negative effect on the viability of Lb. acidophilus.
Subrota Hati, … Surajit Mandal, in, 2019
